Effectiveness and safety of tocilizumab for COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Tocilizumab is an anti-human interleukin 6 receptor monoclonal antibody that has been used to treat coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). However, there is no consensus on its efficacy for the treatment of COVID-19. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of tocilizumab for treating COVID-19. DESIGN AND SETTING: Systematic Review of randomized controlled trials (RCTs), Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo (SP), Brazil. METHODS: We searched MEDLINE via PubMed, EMBASE, CENTRAL, and IBECS for RCTs published up to March 2021. Two authors selected studies and assessed the risk of bias and the certainty of the evidence following Cochrane Recommendations. RESULTS: Eight RCTs with 6,139 participants were included. We were not able to find differences between using tocilizumab compared to standard care on mortality in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 (risk ratio (RR) 0.97, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.84 to 1.13; 8 trials; 5,950 participants; low-certainty evidence). However, hospitalized patients under tocilizumab plus standard care treatment seemed to present a significantly lower risk of needing mechanical ventilation (risk ratio = 0.78; 95% CI 0.64−0.94 moderate-certainty of evidence). CONCLUSIONS: To date, the best evidence available shows no difference between using tocilizumab plus standard care compared to standard care alone for reducing mortality in patients with COVID-19. However, as a finding with a practical implication, the use of tocilizumab in association to standard care probably reduces the risk of progressing to mechanical ventilation in those patients. REGISTRATION: osf.io/qe4fs.

Economic burden of respiratory syncytial and parainfluenza viruses in children of upper-middle-income countries: a systematic review

Abstract Objective: To identify and assess the current evidence available about the costs of managing hospitalized pediatric patients diagnosed with Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) and Parainfluenza Virus Type 3 (PIV3) in upper-middle-income countries. Methods: The authors conducted a systematic review across seven key databases from database inception to July 2022. Costs extracted were converted into 2022 International Dollars using the Purchasing Power Parity-adjusted. PROSPERO identifier: CRD42020225757. Results: No eligible study for PIV3 was recovered. For RSV, cost analysis and COI studies were performed for populations in Colombia, China, Malaysia, and Mexico. Comparing the total economic impact, the lowest cost per patient at the pediatric ward was observed in Malaysia ($ 347.60), while the highest was in Colombia ($ 709.66). On the other hand, at pediatric ICU, the lowest cost was observed in China ($ 1068.26), while the highest was in Mexico ($ 3815.56). Although there is no consensus on the major cost driver, all included studies described that the medications (treatment) consumed over 30% of the total cost. A high rate of inappropriate prescription drugs was observed. Conclusion: The present study highlighted how RSV infection represents a substantial economic burden to health care systems and to society. The findings of the included studies suggest a possible association between baseline risk status and expenditures. Moreover, it was observed that an important amount of the cost is destinated to treatments that have no evidence or support in most clinical practice guidelines.

Impact of cash transfer programs on birth and child growth outcomes: systematic review / Impacto dos programas de transferência de renda nos desfechos de nascimento e crescimento infantil: revisão sistemática

Abstract To investigate the impact of cash transfer (CTs) on birth outcomes, including birth weight, low birth weight and prematurity, as well as child physical growth were included, as assessed by anthropometric indices in children under five years of age. Searching was performed using the PubMed/Medline, Embase, LILACS, Cochrane Library, Scopus and Web of Science databases. Quantitative observational, experimental and quasi-experimental. Eleven studies were included in the review. The majority (81.8%) were carried out in low-and middle-income countries and most involved conditional CTs (63.6%). Four were clinical trials and seven were observational studies. Conditional CTs were found to be associated with a reduction in height-for-age (-0.14; 95%CI -0.27, -0.02); (OR 0.85; 95%CI 0.77-0.94); (OR = 0.44; 95%CI 0.19-0.98), a significantly reduced chance of low weight-for-age (OR = 0.16; 95%CI -0.11-0.43), low weight-for-height (OR = -0.68; 95%CI -1.14, -0.21), and low weight-for-age (OR = 0.27; 95%CI 0.10; 0.71). Unconditional CTs were associated with reduced birth weight (RR = 0.71; 95%CI 0.63-0.81; p < 0.0001) and preterm births (RR = 0.76; 95%CI 0.69-0.84; p < 0.0001). Conditional CTs can positively influence birth outcomes and child growth.

Resumo Investigar o impacto dos programas de tranferência de renda (CTs) nos desfechos ao nascer, incluindo peso ao nascer, baixo peso ao nascer e prematuridade, e crescimento físico infantil, avaliado pelos índices antropométricos de crianças menores de cinco anos. Revisão sistemática realizada nas bases de dados PubMed/Medline, Embase, LILACS, Cochrane Library, Scopus e Web of Science. Foram incluídos estudos quantitativos observacionais, experimentais e quasi-experimentais, com um total de 11 estudos na revisão. A maioria (81,8%) foi realizada em países de baixa e média rendas. Também na modalidade CT condicionais (63,6%). Quatro eram ensaios clínicos, e sete observacionais. Os CT condicionais estiveram associados a uma redução nos índices de altura-para-idade (-0,14; IC95% -0,27, -0,02); (OR 0,85; IC95% 0,77-0,94); (OR = 0,44; IC95% 0,19-0,98), redução significativa na chance de baixo peso-para-idade (OR = 0,16; IC95% -0,11-0,43), baixo peso-para-altura (OR = -0,68; IC95% -1,14, -0,21), e redução de peso para idade (OR = 0,27; IC95% 0,10; 0,71). CTs não condicionais foram associados à redução do baixo peso as nascer (RR = 0,71; IC95% 0,63-0,81; p < 0,0001), e de prematuros (RR = 0,76; IC95% 0,69-0,84; p < 0,0001). Os CTs condicionais podem influenciar positivamente os desfechos ao nascer e o crescimento infantil.

Efetividade e segurança do treinamento muscular respiratório na apneia obstrutiva do sono: protocolo de uma revisão sistemática / Effectiveness and safety of respiratory muscle training in obstructive sleep apnea: systematic review protocol

Introdução: A apneia obstrutiva do sono (AOS) é o distúrbio respiratório do sono mais comum. O treino muscular respiratório tem surgido como uma intervenção promissora para a melhora dos sintomas e com boa adesão, porém muito ainda se tem discutido sobre sua efetividade e segurança. Objetivo: Avaliar a efetividade e segurança do TMR no tratamento de pacientes com AOS. Métodos: Para tanto, realizaremos uma revisão sistemática de ensaios clínicos randomizados (ECR). O protocolo do estudo foi registrado na Plataforma Prospero (CRD42018096980). Incluiremos indivíduos de idade superior ou igual a 18 anos, com diagnóstico de AOS, em uso ou não de pressão positiva nas vias aéreas. Excluiremos estudos com pacientes diagnosticados com lesão da medula espinhal ou doenças neuromusculares. As buscas serão realizadas nas bases de dados: Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online (Medline) via Pubmed, Excerpta Medica dataBASE (Embase) via Elsevier, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (Central) via Cochrane Library, Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde (Lilacs) via Portal da Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde e Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro), sem restrições de idioma ou ano de publicação. Avaliaremos o rigor metodológico dos estudos incluídos e a certeza da evidência dos principais desfechos da revisão sistemática utilizando a ferramenta Risco de Viés 2.0 da Cochrane e a abordagem Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE), respectivamente. A seleção dos estudos, extração de dados, avaliação do viés dos estudos incluídos e avaliação da certeza da evidência serão realizados por dois pesquisadores independentes. Resultados esperados: Espera-se que os resultados desta revisão forneçam informações úteis para a tomada de decisão clínica, exponham lacunas de conhecimento, assim como forneçam um bom embasamento para futuros ECR de alta qualidade sobre o assunto.

Determinantes do nascimento prematuro: proposta de um modelo teórico hierarquizado / Determinants of preterm birth: proposal for a hierarchical theoretical model

Resumo O nascimento prematuro (NP) é uma síndrome resultante de uma complexa relação entre múltiplos fatores que não possuem relações e causalidade totalmente compreendidas. Esse artigo traz uma discussão de um modelo teórico hierarquizado dos determinantes de NP, considerando características maternas como aspectos sociodemográficos, psicossociais, nutricionais, comportamentais e biológicos, tradicionalmente associados ao risco aumentado de NP. As variáveis foram distribuídas em seis dimensões, alocadas em três níveis hierárquicos (distal, intermediário e proximal). Nesse modelo, os determinantes socioeconômicos da mãe, da família, do domicílio e do bairro exercem efeitos indiretos sobre o NP por meio de variáveis no nível intermediário, que por sua vez afetam fatores biológicos de risco no nível proximal, os quais apresentam um efeito direto sobre o NP. O estudo adota um modelo teórico hierarquizado dos fatores envolvidos na cadeia de determinação do NP e suas inter-relações. O entendimento dessas inter-relações é um passo importante na tentativa de interromper a cadeia causal que torna algumas mulheres vulneráveis ao parto prematuro.

Abstract Preterm birth (PB) is a syndrome resulting from a complex relationship between multiple factors which do not have fully understood relationships and causality. This article discusses a hierarchical theoretical model of PB determinants, considering maternal characteristics such as sociodemographic, psychosocial, nutritional, behavioral and biological aspects, traditionally associated with increased risk of PB. The variables were distributed in six dimensions within three hierarchical levels (distal, intermediate and proximal). In this model, the socioeconomic determinants of the mother, family, household and neighborhood play indirect effects on PB through variables at the intermediate level, which in turn affect biological risk factors at the proximal level that have a direct effect on PB. The study presents a hierarchical theoretical model of the factors involved in the PB determination chain and their interrelationships. Understanding these interrelationships is an important step in trying to break the causal chain that makes some women vulnerable to preterm birth.

Risco ocupacional: sinais e sintomas relacionados à exposição à fumaça cirúrgica / Occupational risk: signs and symptoms related to exposure to surgical smoke* / Riesgo laboral: signos y síntomas relacionados con la exposición al humo quirúrgico

Objetivo: Identificar a prevalência e a intensidade dos sinais e sintomas relacionados à exposição ocupacional à fumaça cirúrgica em trabalhadores da saúde e suas medidas de proteção. Método: Estudo transversal de caráter descritivo, desenvolvido com trabalhadores da área da saúde expostos à fumaça cirúrgica. A coleta foi realizada em setembro de 2021, em uma instituição de serviço terciário com característica oncológica e filantrópica e em um hospital universitário de alta complexidade. Resultados: A amostra foi de 155 participantes, a prevalência de sinais e sintomas: sistema respiratório de 55,45%, sistema ocular 43,22% e sistema nervoso 37,41%, com significância estatística para a intensidade de sinais e sintomas nos sistemas tegumentar (p=0,05) e nervoso (p=0,01). Conclusão: A maior taxa de prevalência dos sinais e sintomas foi nos sistemas respiratório, ocular, nervoso e tegumentar com significância estatística.

Objective: To identify the prevalence and intensity of signs and symptoms related to occupational exposure to surgical smoke in health workers and their protective measures. Method: Descriptive cross-sectional study, developed with healthcare workers exposed to surgical smoke. Collection was carried out in September 2021, in a tertiary service institution with oncological and philanthropic characteristics and in a highly complex university hospital. Results: The sample consisted of 155 participants; the prevalence of signs and symptoms was: respiratory system 55.45%, ocular system 43.22%, and nervous system 37.41%, with statistical significance for the intensity of signs and symptoms in the integumentary (p=0,05) and nervous (p=0,01) systems. Conclusions: The highest rate of prevalence of signs and symptoms was in the respiratory, ocular, nervous, and integumentary systems with statistical significance.

Objetivo: Identificar la prevalencia e intensidad de lós signos y síntomas relacionados con la exposición ocupacional al humo quirúrgico em trabajadores de la salud y sus medidas de protección. Método: Estudio transversal descriptivo, desarrollado con trabajadores de la salud expuestos al humo quirúrgico. La colecta se realizó en septiembre de 2021, en una institución de tercer nivel com características oncológicas, filantrópicas y en un hospital universitario de alta complejidad. Resultados: La muestra estuvo conformada por 155 participantes, La prevalencia de signos y síntomas: Sistema respiratorio 55,45%, sistema ocular 43,22% y sistema nervioso 37,41%, con significación estadística para la intensidad de signos y síntomas en los sistemas tegumentarios (p=0,05) y nervioso (p=0,01). Conclusión: La mayor tasa de prevalencia de signos y síntomas fue en los sistemas respiratorio, ocular, nervioso y tegumentario con significancia estadística.

The impact of motorcycle accidents in a reference hospital during the covid-19 pandemic / Impacto nos acidentes motociclísticos em um hospital referência durante a pandemia de covid-19

ABSTRACT Objective: This study aimed to analyze the relationship between the number of motorcycle accidents attended at a reference Hospital for trauma in Campinas, state of São Paulo, and the pandemic by COVID-19 during the year 2020. Methods: This is a cross-sectional, descriptive retrospective study carried out at Hospital PUC- Campinas, through the analysis of medical records of patients, victims of motorcycle trauma undergoing orthopedic surgical management in 2020. The phases of the pandemic and the isolation rates according to the São Paulo Plan were studied. Chi-Square tests, and the Least Squares method were applied for statistical calculations. Results: 155 medical records were analyzed, of which 91.61% of the patients were male. Of those admitted, 94.84% suffered fractures and 51.61%, polyfractures. There was a correlation between the average isolation rates and the number of accidents. In the 14-day period, as the average isolation rate increased by 10%, there was an increase of approximately 3 accidents in that period. In the 7-day analysis, 1.7 more traumas were observed for every 10% increase in the average isolation. Conclusion: The results suggest that by increasing the average isolation rate, the number of traumas per motorcycle treated at the institution increased. Level of Evidence III, Comparative Retrospective Study.

RESUMO Objetivos: Analisar se houve relação do número de acidentes motociclísticos atendidos em um hospital referência para o tratamento de trauma em Campinas com a pandemia pela COVID-19 durante o ano de 2020. Métodos: Estudo transversal, retrospectivo descritivo, realizado no Hospital PUC-Campinas, por meio da análise de prontuários de vítimas de trauma por acidente de moto com conduta cirúrgica ortopédica em 2020. Foram estudadas as fases da pandemia e as taxas de isolamento de acordo com o Plano São Paulo (Plano SP). Utilizaram-se análises de p-valor usando testes qui-quadrado e o método de mínimos quadrados para cálculos estatísticos. Resultados: Foram analisados 155 prontuários de pacientes, dos quais 91,61% eram do sexo masculino. Dos internados, 94,84% sofreram fraturas e 51,61%, polifraturas. Houve correlação entre as taxas médias de isolamento com o número de acidentes. No período de 14 dias, à medida em que houve crescimento de 10% na média da taxa de isolamento, observou-se um aumento de aproximadamente três acidentes. Na análise de 7 dias, observou-se 1,7 traumas a mais a cada 10% do aumento da média de isolamento. Conclusão: Os resultados sugerem que, ao aumentar a taxa média de isolamento, houve um aumento do número de traumas por acidente de moto atendidos na instituição. Nível de Evidência III, Estudo Retrospectivo Comparativo.

Recommendations for evaluation and diagnosis of extra-glandular manifestations of primary Sjögren syndrome: results of an epidemiologic systematic review/ meta-analysis and a consensus guideline from the Brazilian society of rheumatology (hepatic, gastrointestinal and pancreatic)

Abstract Sjogren's syndrome (SS) is an autoimmune disease characterized by lymphocytic infiltration of the exocrine glands and other organs, associated with sicca syndrome but also with systemic involvement with varying degrees of severity. Despite their importance, some systemic manifestations, mainly liver, gastrointestinal, and pancreatic are not routinely evaluated. To address these manifestations, the Sjögren's Syndrome Committee of the Brazilian Society of Rheumatology conducted a broad systematic review of the literature on studies investigating prevalence and diagnosis of these symptoms in Sjogren´s patients and made recommendations based on the findings. Agreement between the experts was achieved using the Delphi method. This is the second part of this guideline, providing 6 recommendations for liver, gastrointestinal, and pancreatic care of SS patients.

Mortality inequalities measured by socioeconomic indicators in Brazil: a scoping review

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE Summarize the literature on the relationship between composite socioeconomic indicators and mortality in different geographical areas of Brazil. METHODS This scoping review included articles published between January 1, 2000, and August 31, 2020, retrieved by means of a bibliographic search carried out in the Medline, Scopus, Web of Science, and Lilacs databases. Studies reporting on the association between composite socioeconomic indicators and all-cause, or specific cause of death in any age group in different geographical areas were selected. The review summarized the measures constructed, their associations with the outcomes, and potential study limitations. RESULTS Of the 77 full texts that met the inclusion criteria, the study reviewed 24. The area level of composite socioeconomic indicators analyzed comprised municipalities (n = 6), districts (n = 5), census tracts (n = 4), state (n = 2), country (n = 2), and other areas (n = 5). Six studies used composite socioeconomic indicators such as the Human Development Index, Gross Domestic Product, and the Gini Index; the remaining 18 papers created their own socioeconomic measures based on sociodemographic and health indicators. Socioeconomic status was inversely associated with higher rates of all-cause mortality, external cause mortality, suicide, homicide, fetal and infant mortality, respiratory and circulatory diseases, stroke, infectious and parasitic diseases, malnutrition, gastroenteritis, and oropharyngeal cancer. Higher mortality rates due to colorectal cancer, leukemia, a general group of neoplasms, traffic accident, and suicide, in turn, were observed in less deprived areas and/or those with more significant socioeconomic development. Underreporting of death and differences in mortality coverage in Brazilian areas were cited as the main limitation. CONCLUSIONS Studies analyzed mortality inequalities in different geographical areas by means of composite socioeconomic indicators, showing that the association directions vary according to the mortality outcome. But studies on all-cause mortality and at the census tract level remain scarce. The results may guide the development of new composite socioeconomic indicators for use in mortality inequality analysis.

Differentials in death count records by databases in Brazil in 2010

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To compare the death counts from three sources of information on mortality available in Brazil in 2010, the Mortality Information System (SIM - Sistema de Informações sobre Mortalidade ), Civil Registration Statistic System (RC - Sistema de Estatísticas de Resgistro Civil ), and the 2010 Demographic Census at various geographical levels, and to confirm the association between municipal socioeconomic characteristics and the source which showed the highest death count. METHODS This is a descriptive and comparative study of raw data on deaths in the SIM, RC and 2010 Census databases, the latter held in Brazilian states and municipalities between August 2009 and July 2010. The percentage of municipalities was confirmed by the database showing the highest death count. The association between the source of the highest death count and socioeconomic indicators - the Índice de Privação Brasileiro (IBP - Brazilian Deprivation Index) and Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano Municipal (IHDM - Municipal Human Development Index) - was performed by bivariate choropleth and Moran Local Index of Spatial Association (LISA) cluster maps. RESULTS Confirmed that the SIM is the database with the highest number of deaths counted for all Brazilian macroregions, except the North, in which the highest coverage was from the 2010 Census. Based on the indicators proposed, in general, the Census showed a higher coverage of deaths than the SIM and the RC in the most deprived (highest IBP values) and less developed municipalities (lowest IDHM values) in the country. CONCLUSION The results highlight regional inequalities in how the databases chosen for this study cover death records, and the importance of maintaining the issue of mortality on the basic census questionnaire.

The impact of covid-19 on the profile of motorcycle accidents attended at a tertiary hospital in campinas / Impacto da covid-19 no perfil de acidentados de moto atendidos em um hospital terciário em campinas

ABSTRACT Traffic-accidents are a public health problem with repercussions on population morbimortality. Objective: To analyze the impact of the pandemic on the profile of motorcycle accidents assisted at the Tertiary Hospital in 2020. Methods: Cross-sectional, descriptive retrospective study in 2017 and 2020 of 260 medical records of care for motorcycle accidents in the emergency room of the Tertiary Hospital. Statistical analysis of data and their correlations using the chi-square test (p < 0.05). Results: Of the 105 medical records in 2017, 83% are men, mean age 29.8 years, and death rate of 3.90%. Fractures in 98.10%, 64.10% exposed and predominantly the tibia (61.90%). Of the 155 medical records in 2020, 91.61% are men, mean age 31.21 years, and no deaths. Fractures in 94.84%, 37.42% exposed and predominantly the tibia (28.57%). Between 2017 and 2020, Infosiga-SP showed a relevant reduction (p < 0.001) of deaths in the hospital environment (52.46% to 31.91%). Conclusion: The incidence of motorcycle accidents increased, in-hospital deaths dropped, but the epidemiological profile of accidents at the Hospital remained unchanged. Level of Evidence III, Comparative Retrospective Study.

RESUMO Acidentes motociclísticos configuram um problema de saúde pública com repercussões na morbimortalidade populacional. Objetivo: Analisar o impacto da pandemia por COVID-19 no perfil de acidentes motociclísticos atendidos em um hospital terciário em 2020. Métodos: Estudo transversal, descritivo e retrospectivo que analisou 260 prontuários de acidentados de moto atendidos na Urgência e Emergência do Hospital Universitário Terciário em 2017 e 2020. Realizou-se uma análise estatística dos dados e suas correlações pelo teste qui-quadrado (p < 0,05). Resultados: Dos 105 prontuários de 2017, 83% são de homens (p < 0,001), com média de 29,8 anos, e índice de óbito de 3,90%. Houve fraturas em 98,10% dos casos, sendo 58,10% expostas e predominantemente da tíbia (61,90%). Dos 155 prontuários de 2020, 91,61% são homens (p < 0,001), com média de 31,21 anos e sem casos de óbito. Houve fraturas em 94,84%, sendo 37,42% expostas e predominantemente da tíbia (28,57%). Entre 2017 e 2020, o Infosiga-SP mostrou redução significativa (p < 0,001) de mortes em ambiente hospitalar (de 52,46% para 31,91%). Conclusão: Houve aumento na incidência dos acidentes motociclísticos e queda nos óbitos intra-hospitalares, mas o perfil epidemiológico dos acidentados no hospital permaneceu inalterado. Nível de Evidência III, Estudo Comparativo Retrospectivo.

Recommendations for evaluation and diagnosis of extra-glandular manifestations of primary sjogren syndrome: results of an epidemiologic systematic review/ meta-analysis and a consensus guideline from the Brazilian Society of Rheumatology (articular, pulmonary and renal)

Abstract Sjogren's Syndrome (SS) is an autoimmune disease characterized by lymphocytic infiltration of the exocrine glands and other organs, associated with sicca syndrome but also with systemic involvement with varying degrees of severity. Despite their importance, these systemic manifestations are not routinely evaluated and there is no homogenous approach to their diagnosis or evaluation. To close this gap, a panel of experts from the Brazilian Society of Rheumatology conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis on the identification of epidemiologic and clinical features of these manifestations and made recommendations based on the findings. Agreement between the experts was achieved using the Delphi method. The first part of this guideline summarizes the most important topics, and 11 recommendations are provided for the articular, pulmonary, and renal care of SS patients.

Dor musculoesquelética e resiliência elevada da enfermagem em emergência tem relação com jornada de trabalho / Musculoskeletal pain and high resilience of emergency nursing is related to working hours / El dolor musculoesquelético y la alta resiliencia de la enfermería de emergencia está relacionado con la jornada laboral

Objetivo: Avaliar frequência, intensidade da dor musculoesquelética e capacidade de resiliência de profissionais de enfermagem que atuam em uma Unidade de Emergência no âmbito hospitalar. Métodos: Estudo transversal, desenvolvido com profissionais de enfermagem que atuam na Unidade de Emergência de um hospital geral. A coleta de dados ocorreu entre dezembro de 2019 a março de 2020, mediante aplicação do questionário sociodemográfico, laboral e clínico, Questionário Nórdico de Sintomas Osteomusculares, escala numérica de avaliação da dor e escala de resiliência. Resultados: Participaram 31 profissionais, com predomínio de mulheres, idade entre 18 a 40 anos, técnicos de enfermagem, com vínculo empregatício exclusivo. Estas sentem dor, de moderada e alta intensidade, em diferentes regiões anatômicas. No último ano, as regiões corporais mais acometidas foram parte superior e inferior das costas, pescoço e ombros. Foi observada associação significativa entre jornada diária de trabalho e intensidade da dor (p=0,044) e, entre resiliência elevada e apresentar mais que um vínculo empregatício (p=0,029). Conclusão: Avaliação da intensidade, locais de dor musculoesquelética e resiliência da Enfermagem é importante como subsídio para ações e intervenções com esses trabalhadores para proteger e promover sua saúde e garantir segurança e qualidade da assistência ao usuário que acessa a Unidade de Emergência. (AU)

Objective: To assess frequency, intensity of musculoskeletal pain and resilience of nursing professionals who work in an Emergency Unit in the hospital. Methods: Cross-sectional study, developed with nursing professionals who work in the Emergency Unit of a general hospital. Data collection took place between December 2019 and March 2020, using the sociodemographic, labor and clinical questionnaire, Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire, numerical pain assessment scale and resilience scale. Results: 31 professionals participated, with a predominance of women, aged between 18 and 40 years, nursing technicians, with exclusive employment relationship. They feel pain, of moderate and high intensity, in different anatomical regions. In the last year, the most affected body regions were the upper and lower back, neck and shoulders. A significant association was observed between daily work hours and pain intensity (p = 0.044) and between high resilience and having more than one job (p = 0.029). Conclusion: Assessment of intensity, places of musculoskeletal pain and nursing resilience is important as a basis for actions and interventions with these workers to protect and promote their health and ensure safety and quality of care for users who access the Emergency Unit. (AU)

Objetivo: Evaluar la frecuencia, intensidad del dolor musculoesquelético y la resiliencia de los profesionales de enfermería que laboran en una Unidad de Urgencias del hospital. Métodos: Estudio transversal, desarrollado con profesionales de enfermería que laboran en la Unidad de Urgencias de un hospital general. La recogida de datos se llevó a cabo entre diciembre de 2019 y marzo de 2020, utilizando el cuestionario sociodemográfico, laboral y clínico, el cuestionario nórdico musculoesquelético, la escala numérica de evaluación del dolor y la escala de resiliencia. Resultados: Participaron 31 profesionales, con predominio de mujeres, con edades entre 18 y 40 años, técnicos de enfermería, con relación laboral exclusiva. Sienten dolor, de intensidad moderada y alta, en diferentes regiones anatómicas. En el último año, las regiones corporales más afectadas fueron la espalda alta y baja, el cuello y los hombros. Se observó una asociación significativa entre las horas diarias de trabajo y la intensidad del dolor (p = 0,044) y entre alta resiliencia y tener más de un trabajo (p = 0,029). Conclusión: La valoración de la intensidad, los lugares de dolor musculoesquelético y la resiliencia de enfermería es importante como base de acciones e intervenciones con estos trabajadores para proteger y promover su salud y garantizar la seguridad y calidad de la atención a los usuarios que acceden a la Unidad de Urgencias. (AU)

Métodos para avaliação da efetividade de vacinas para COVID-19 com ênfase em abordagens quase-experimentais / Methods to evaluate COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness, with an emphasis on quasi-experimental approaches

Resumo A avalição da efetividade de vacinas é feita com dados do mundo real e é essencial para monitorar o desempenho dos programas de vacinação ao longo do tempo bem como frente a novas variantes. Até o momento, a avaliação da efetividade das vacinas para COVID-19 tem sido baseada em métodos clássicos como estudos de coorte e caso controle teste-negativo, que muitas vezes podem não permitir o adequado controle dos vieses intrínsecos da alocação das campanhas de vacinação. O objetivo dessa revisão foi discutir os desenhos de estudo disponíveis para avaliação de efetividade das vacinas, enfatizando os estudos quase-experimentais, que buscam mimetizar os estudos aleatorizados ao introduzir um componente exógeno para atribuição ao tratamento, bem como suas vantagens, limitações e aplicabilidade no contexto dos dados brasileiros. O emprego de métodos quase-experimentais, incluindo as séries temporais interrompidas, o método de diferença em diferenças, escore de propensão, variáveis instrumentais e regressão descontínua, são relevantes pela possibilidade de gerar estimativas mais acuradas da efetividade de vacinas para COVID-19 em cenários como o brasileiro, que se caracteriza pelo uso de várias vacinas, com respectivos número e intervalos entre doses, aplicadas em diferentes faixas etárias e em diferentes momentos da pandemia.

Abstract The evaluation of vaccine effectiveness is conducted with real-world data. They are essential to monitor the performance of vaccination programmes over time, and in the context of the emergence of new variants. Until now, the effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines has been assessed based on classic methods, such as cohort and test-negative case-control studies, which may often not allow for adequate control of inherent biases in the assignment of vaccination campaigns. The aim of this review was to discuss the study designs available to evaluate vaccine effectiveness, highlighting quasi-experimental studies, which seek to mimic randomized trials, by introducing an exogenous component to allocate to treatment, in addition to the advantages, limitations, and applicability in the context of Brazilian data. The use of quasi-experimental approaches, such as interrupted time series, difference-in-differences, propensity scores, instrumental variables, and regression discontinuity design, are relevant due to the possibility of providing more accurate estimates of COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness. This is especially important in scenarios such as the Brazilian, which characterized by the use of various vaccines, with the respective numbers and intervals between doses, applied to different age groups, and introduced at different times during the pandemic.

Qualidade metodológica das avaliações econômicas de antineoplásicos submetidas à Agência Nacional de Saúde Suplementar (ANS) na atualização do rol 2020 ­ Estudo de avaliação crítica / Methodological quality of economic assessments of antineoplastics submitted to Supplementary Health Agency in the update of the 2020 list ­ Critical assessment study

Objetivo: Descrever e analisar criticamente as avaliações econômicas de medicamentos antineoplásicos submetidas à Agência Nacional de Saúde Suplementar (ANS) durante o processo de atualização do rol de procedimentos em saúde 2020. Métodos: Estudo transversal de análise crítica dos estudos de avaliação econômica integrantes da documentação submetida à ANS com o objetivo de incorporação no rol de procedimentos. A avaliação da qualidade metodológica foi realizada por meio da ferramenta Methodology Checklist 6: Economic Evaluations Version 3.0 da Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network. Resultados: Foram incluídas 49 avaliações econômicas: 22 estudos de custo-efetividade, 10 estudos de custo-utilidade, três estudos de custo-minimização e 14 estudos de custo-efetividade e custo-utilidade. A qualidade metodológica foi considerada, na maior parte (88%), como aceitável ou de baixa qualidade. Conclusão: Estudos de avaliação econômica são fundamentais no processo decisório de incorporação de tecnologias na saúde suplementar. Esta análise crítica sugere que a qualidade dos estudos econômicos apresentados dentro das propostas de incorporação de antineoplásicos durante o processo de atualização do rol 2020 da ANS foi limitada. Inconsistências metodológicas e falta de um relato transparente reduzem a validade e a aplicabilidade dos achados na tomada de decisão.

Objective: To describe and critically appraise the economic evaluations of antineoplastic drugs submitted to the ANS during the process of updating its 2020' list of procedures. Methods: Cross-sectional study of critical analysis of the economic evaluation studies included in the documentation submitted to the ANS with the aim of incorporating them into the list of procedures. The methodological quality assessment was carried out using the Methodology Checklist 6: Economic Evaluations Version 3.0 of the Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network. Results: Overall, 49 economic evaluations were included: 22 cost-effectiveness studies, 10 cost-utility studies, three cost-minimization studies and 14 mixed economic studies. Methodological quality was mostly considered as acceptable or low quality. Conclusion: Economic evaluation studies are fundamental in the decision-making process of incorporating technologies into supplementary health care. This critical appraisal suggests that the quality of the economic studies presented within the proposals to incorporate antineoplastics during the process of updating the ANS 2020 roll was limited. Methodological inconsistencies and lack of transparent reporting reduce the validity and applicability of findings for decision-making

The relationship between nutritional deficiencies and mental health

ABSTRACT The objective of this mini review was to discuss the relationship between nutritional deficiencies and mental health, and to present a structure that helps to visualize these associations based on a literature review and the scenarios of the COVID-19 pandemic. The study was conducted to demonstrate the effect of the nutritional deficiencies on the occurrence and/or worsening of mental health problems, mainly related to the most drastic measures of social distance during the COVID-19 pandemic. Studies have already shown that a nutritionally unbalanced diet may be associated with greater chances of mental health problems. Insufficient levels of micronutrients can, by regulating the stress response, immune and oxidative systems, negatively affect brain functions and, consequently, cognitive functions and mental health of individuals. The current pandemic of COVID-19 reveals an increase in food and nutritional insecurity, and a worsening of this situation among already vulnerable populations. Micronutrient deficiencies may be exacerbated in a context of increased food insecurity and the COVID-19 pandemic, which may contribute to increased mental health problems.

RESUMEN El objetivo de esta revisión fue discutir la relación entre las deficiencias nutricionales y la salud mental, y presentar una estructura que ayude a visualizar estas asociaciones con base en la revisión de la literatura y en los escenarios de la pandemia de COVID-19. El estudio se realizó para demostrar el efecto de las deficiencias nutricionales sobre la ocurrencia y/o agravamiento de problemas de salud mental, principalmente relacionados con las medidas más drásticas de distanciamiento social durante la pandemia COVID-19. Los estudios ya han demostrado que una dieta nutricionalmente desequilibrada puede estar asociada con mayores posibilidades de problemas de salud mental. Los niveles insuficientes de micronutrientes pueden, al regular la respuesta al estrés, los sistemas inmunológico y oxidativo, afectar negativamente las funciones cerebrales y, en consecuencia, las funciones cognitivas y la salud mental de las personas. La actual pandemia de COVID-19 revela un aumento de la inseguridad alimentaria y nutricional, y un agravamiento de esta situación entre poblaciones ya vulnerables. Las deficiencias de micronutrientes pueden agravarse en un contexto de mayor inseguridad alimentaria y la pandemia de COVID-19, lo que puede contribuir a un aumento de los problemas de salud mental.

Uso da máscara n95 por trabalhadores de enfermagem expostos à fumaça cirúrgica / Uso de la mascarilla n95 por trabajadores de enfermería expuestos al humo quirúrgico / Use of the n95 mask by nursing workers exposed to surgical smoke

RESUMO Objetivo: verificar os desconfortos apresentados por trabalhadores que necessitam utilizar a máscara N95 durante as suas atividades laborais. Método: pesquisa descritiva com delineamento transversal, desenvolvida no Centro Cirúrgico de um hospital de ensino localizado na região Sul do Brasil, no período de junho a agosto de 2019, durante o turno de trabalho diurno. Realizou-se o estudo com os profissionais de enfermagem que estavam expostos à fumaça cirúrgica no período de trabalho. Para a coleta dos dados, utilizou-se um instrumento com detalhamento sociodemográfico e ocupacional dos participantes e entregou-se uma máscara N95 aos profissionais para ser utilizada durante a cirurgia, a fim de verificar o tempo de uso da N95 e os motivos pelos quais os trabalhadores retiraram a máscara durante o ato anestésico-cirúrgico. Resultados: o maior número de trabalhadores (27,7%) utilizou a máscara até 3 horas durante o ato anestésico-cirúrgico, sendo que esse tempo foi relacionado com algumas queixas (p=0,037), tais como incômoda (27,8%), apertada (44,4%) eenjoo (5,6%). A retirada da máscara N95 (p=0,022) por esses profissionais antes do término da cirurgia foi relacionada a essas queixas. Conclusão: os trabalhadores apresentam queixas, como desconforto, máscara apertada e enjoo, sendo que estas estão relacionadas com o tempo de uso, o que precisa ser avaliado por gestores para a utilização da N95.

RESUMEN Objetivo: verificar las molestias presentadas por trabajadores que necesitan usar la mascarilla N95 durante sus actividades laborales. Método: investigación descriptiva con delineamiento transversal, desarrollada en el Centro Quirúrgico de un hospital de enseñanza ubicado en la región Sur de Brasil, en el período de junio a agosto de 2019, durante el turno de trabajo diurno. Se realizó el estudio con los profesionales de enfermería que estaban expuestos al humo quirúrgico en el período de trabajo. Para la recolección de los datos, se utilizó un instrumento con detalle sociodemográfico y ocupacional de los participantes y se entregó una mascarilla N95 a los profesionales para ser utilizada durante la cirugía, con el fin de verificar el tiempo de uso de la N95 y las razones por las que los trabajadores la quitaron durante el acto anestésico-quirúrgico. Resultados: el mayor número de trabajadores (27,7%) la utilizó hasta 3 horas durante el acto anestésico-quirúrgico, siendo que ese tiempo fue relacionado con algunas quejas (p=0,037), tales como: incómoda (27,8%), apretada (44,4%) y mareos (5,6%). El hecho de quitarse la mascarilla N95 (p=0,022), por estos profesionales, antes de la finalización de la cirugía se relacionó con estas quejas. Conclusión: los trabajadores presentan quejas, como incomodidad, mascarilla apretada y mareos, siendo que estas están relacionadas con el tiempo de uso, lo que necesita ser evaluado por gestores para la utilización de la N95.

ABSTRACT Objective: to check the discomfort presented by workers who need to use the N95 mask during their work activities. Method: descriptive and cross-sectional research, developed in the Surgical Center of a teaching hospital located in Southern Brazil, from June to August 2019, during the daytime work shift. The study was conducted with nursing professionals who were exposed to surgical smoke during their work period. In order to collect data, an instrument was used with sociodemographic and occupational details of the participants and a N95 mask was given to professionals to be used during surgery, in order to check the time of use of the N95 and the reasons why the workers removed the mask during the anesthetic-surgical procedure. Results: the largest number of workers (27.7%) used the mask for up to 3 hours during the anesthetic-surgical procedure, and this time was related to some complaints (p=0.037), such as discomfort (27.8%), tightness (44.4%) and nausea (5.6%). The removal of the N95 mask (p=0.022) by these professionals before the end of the surgery was related to these complaints. Conclusion: workers have complaints such as discomfort, tight mask and nausea, and these are related to the time of use, which needs to be assessed by managers for the use of N95.

Abortion and the COVID-19 pandemic: insights for Latin America / Aborto e a pandemia da COVID-19: lições para América Latina / Aborto y pandemia de COVID-19: reflexiones para Latinoamérica

The COVID-19 pandemic may accentuate existing problems, hindering access to legal abortion, with a consequent increase in unsafe abortions. This scenario may be even worse in low- and middle-income countries, especially in Latin America, where abortion laws are already restrictive and access to services is already hampered. Our objective was to understand how different countries, with an emphasis on Latin Americans, have dealt with legal abortion services in the context of the COVID-19. Thus, we conducted a narrative review on abortion and COVID-19. The 75 articles included, plus other relevant references, indicate that the pandemic affects sexual and reproductive health services by amplifying existing problems and restricting access to reproductive rights, such as legal abortion. This impact may be even stronger in low- and middle-income countries, especially in Latin America, where access to legal abortion is normally restricted. The revision of sources in this article underlines the urgent need to maintain legal abortion services, both from women's perspective, in support of their reproductive rights, but also from that of the international commitment to achieving the Millennium Development Goals. Thereby, Latin American countries must place reproductive rights as a priority on their agendas and adapt legislation to accommodate alternative models of abortion care. Furthermore, our results underscore the need for clear information on the functioning of sexual and reproductive health services as essential for understanding the impact of the pandemic on legal abortion and to identify the groups most affected by the changes.

A pandemia da COVID-19 pode agravar problemas existentes, dificultando o acesso ao aborto legal e resultando em um aumento dos abortos inseguros. O cenário pode ser ainda pior nos países de renda média e baixa, principalmente na América Latina, onde as leis sobre aborto já são restritivas e o acesso aos serviços é dificultado. Tivemos como objetivo, compreender como os diferentes países, com ênfase nos latino-americanos, têm lidado com os serviços de aborto legal no contexto da COVID-19. Para tal, foi realizada uma revisão narrativa sobre aborto e COVID-19. Os 75 artigos incluídos, além de outras referências relevantes, indicam que a pandemia impacta os serviços de saúde sexual e reprodutiva, ao agravar os problemas existentes e restringir o acesso aos direitos reprodutivos, incluindo o direito ao aborto legal. O impacto pode ser ainda mais sério nos países de renda baixa e média, principalmente na América Latina, onde o acesso ao aborto legal costuma ser restrito. A revisão das fontes no artigo destaca a necessidade urgente de manter em funcionamento os serviços de aborto legal, tanto da perspectiva das mulheres, em apoio aos seus direitos reprodutivos, quanto do compromisso internacional para atingir os Objetivos de Desenvolvimento do Milênio. Assim, os países da América Latina devem priorizar os direitos reprodutivos nas agendas nacionais e adaptar suas legislações para acomodar modelos alternativos de assistência ao aborto. Nossos resultados também destacam a necessidade de informações precisas sobre o funcionamento dos serviços de saúde sexual e reprodutiva, essenciais para compreender o impacto da pandemia sobre o aborto legal e para identificar os grupos mais afetados pelas mudanças.

La pandemia de COVID-19 puede acentuar problemas existentes, impidiendo el acceso al aborto legal, con el consiguiente incremento de abortos inseguros. Este escenario es quizás incluso peor en los países de bajos y medios ingresos, especialmente en Latinoamérica, donde las leyes del aborto son de por sí restrictivas y el acceso a los servicios ya se encuentra obstaculizado. Nuestro objetivo fue comprender cómo han lidiado diferentes países, poniendo énfasis en los latinoamericanos, con servicios legales de aborto en el contexto de la COVID-19. Por lo tanto, realizamos una revisión narrativa sobre el aborto y el COVID-19. Se incluyeron 75 artículos, así como otras referencias relevantes, indicando que la pandemia impacta en los servicios de salud sexual y reproductiva, lo que amplifica los problemas existentes y restringe el acceso a derechos reproductivos, tales como el aborto legal. Este impacto quizás fue incluso más fuerte en los países con ingresos bajos y medios, especialmente en Latinoamérica, donde el acceso al aborto legal se encuentra restringido normalmente. La revisión de fuentes en este artículo subraya la necesidad urgente de mantener los servicios de aborto legal, tanto desde la perspectiva de las mujeres, apoyando sus derechos reproductivos, así como también desde el compromiso internacional, con el fin de alcanzar las Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio. De este modo, los países latinoamericanos deben situar los derechos reproductivos como prioridad en sus agendas y adaptar su legislación para incorporar modelos alternativos de atención al aborto. Nuestros resultados también destacam la necesidad de información precisa para el funcionamiento de los servicios de salud sexuales y reproductivos, como algo esencial para entender el impacto de la pandemia en el aborto legal, así como para identicar a los grupos más afectados por los cambios.

SARS-CoV-2 and arbovirus infection: a rapid systematic review

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: The numbers of cases of arboviral diseases have increased in tropical and subtropical regions while the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic overwhelms healthcare systems worldwide. The clinical manifestations of arboviral diseases, especially dengue fever, can be very similar to COVID-19, and misdiagnoses are still a reality. In the meantime, outcomes for patients and healthcare systems in situations of possible syndemic have not yet been clarified. OBJECTIVE: We set out to conduct a systematic review to understand and summarize the evidence relating to clinical manifestations, disease severity and prognoses among patients coinfected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and arboviruses. METHODS: We conducted a rapid systematic review with meta-analysis, on prospective and retrospective cohorts, case-control studies and case series of patients with confirmed diagnoses of SARS-CoV-2 and arboviral infection. We followed the Cochrane Handbook recommendations. We searched EMBASE, MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, LILACS, Scopus and Web of Science to identify published, ongoing and unpublished studies. We planned to extract data and assess the risk of bias and the certainty of evidence of the studies included, using the Quality in Prognosis Studies tool and the Grading of Recommendations Assessment. RESULTS: We were able to retrieve 2,407 citations using the search strategy, but none of the studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria. CONCLUSION: The clinical presentations, disease severity and prognoses of patients coinfected with SARS-CoV-2 and arboviruses remain unclear. Further prospective studies are necessary in order to provide useful information for clinical decision-making processes. Protocol registration number in the PROSPERO database: CRD42020183460

COVID-19 and patients with immune-mediated inflammatory diseases undergoing pharmacological treatments: a rapid living systematic review

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Patients with immune-mediated inflammatory diseases (IMID) are at increased risk of infection. OBJECTIVE: To assess whether patients undergoing pharmacological treatment for IMID present higher risk of worse outcomes when diagnosed with COVID-19. DESIGN AND SETTING: Rapid systematic review conducted in the medical school of the Federal University of São Paulo (SP), Brazil. METHODS: We searched CENTRAL, MEDLINE, EMBASE, LILACS, SCOPUS, Web of Science, L·OVE, ClinicalTrials.gov and WHO-ICTRP for studies evaluating patients diagnosed with COVID-19 who were undergoing pharmacological treatment for IMID. Two authors selected studies, extracted data and assessed risk of bias and certainty of evidence, following the Cochrane recommendations. RESULTS: We identified 1,498 references, from which one cohort study was included. This compared patients with and without rheumatic diseases (RD) who all had been diagnosed with COVID-19. Those with RD seemed to have higher chances of hospitalization and mortality, but no statistical difference was detected between the groups: hospitalization: odds ratio (OR) 1.17; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.6 to 2.29; mortality rate: OR 1.53; 95% CI 0.33 to 7.11 (very low certainty of evidence). Patients with RD were three times more likely to require admission to intensive care units (ICUs), with invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV), than those without RD: OR 3.72; 95% CI 1.35 to 10.26 (for both outcomes; very low certainty of evidence). CONCLUSION: Patients undergoing pharmacological treatment for IMID seem to present higher chances of requiring admission to ICUs, with IMV. Additional high-quality studies are needed to analyze the effects of different treatments for IMID.